Sulphates in Skincare: Dispelling the Myths and Unraveling the Reality

Sulphates are a class of chemicals that are widely found in skincare and personal care products due to their cleaning and foaming qualities. However, there are numerous fallacies and worries about sulphates. In skincare products, sulphates are not inherently dangerous or hazardous. On the other hand, people with sensitive or dry skin may want to stay away from sulphates or use products with milder surfactants. Read ingredient labels, recognize the unique requirements of your skin, and seek the advice of a doctor or skincare expert to find the best skincare regimen for you.

What are Sulphates? A Basic Overview

Sulphates, also spelled sulphates, are a class of chemical compounds containing the ion sulphate (SO42-). They are made from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and are widely used in a variety of industries such as skincare, personal care, cleaning goods, and detergents. Sulphates are generally employed as surfactants in cosmetics and personal care products. Surfactants are chemicals that aid in cleansing and the production of foaming or lathering qualities. Sulphates operate by lowering the surface tension of water and oils on the skin, making it easier for them to mix and remove dirt, oil, and pollutants.

Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulphate (SLES) are the two most prevalent sulphates found in skincare products. SLS is a more potent surfactant that is well-known for its powerful cleansing and foaming properties. SLES is a milder form of sulphate that is frequently used as an alternative to SLS in products designed for people with sensitive skin. Because sulphates are so excellent at eliminating filth, oil, and debris from the skin, they are commonly used in cleansers, shampoos, body washes, and toothpaste. Their capacity to produce a rich lather or foam is frequently linked to a sensation of cleanliness. However, it is important to note that sulfates can cause skin dryness and irritation, especially in people with sensitive skin or who have certain skin conditions. This is because they can strip away some of the skin's natural oils, resulting in a compromised moisture barrier. As a result, some people prefer sulfate-free or products with milder surfactants.

The Role of Sulphates in Skincare Products

Sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), are commonly used in skincare products due to their cleansing and foaming properties. They serve several functions in skincare products, including:

1. Cleaning: Sulfates are efficient surfactants that aid in clearing the skin's surface of debris, oil, and impurities.  They produce a lathering or foaming effect that can help with debris removal and add to a feeling of cleanliness. 

2. Control of oil and sebum: Sulfates have the power to break down and remove extra oil and sebum from the skin. This can help unclog pores and lessen the likelihood of breakouts for people with oily or acne-prone skin.

3. Emulsification: Sulfates have the ability to emulsify substances, enabling the combination of ingredients with water and oil bases in skincare products.  By evenly distributing oil droplets in water and ensuring proper blending and consistency, they aid in the creation of stable formulations.

4. Texture and sensory experience of the product: Sulfates help make skincare products feel and smell good.  Some people find it satisfying and enjoyable to clean with them because they can produce a rich lather, a foamy texture, and a refreshing sensation.

5. Ingredient solubility: Sulfates make some ingredients more soluble in water-based formulations, assisting in the effective dispersion of active ingredients in skincare products.

While sulphates have benefits in skincare products, it's important to remember that they might cause skin dryness and irritation, especially in people with sensitive skin or who have specific skin problems. Sulphates can strip away part of the skin's natural oils, disrupting the moisture barrier and causing dryness or irritation. Individuals with sensitive skin or those who prefer to avoid sulphates may benefit from sulfate-free products or products with milder surfactants. These formulas attempt to cleanse effectively while minimizing the risk of skin dryness or irritation.

Common Types of Sulphates in Skincare

The two sulfate types that are most frequently used in skincare are sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES). These sulfates are widely used for their ability to clean and foam. An overview of these two frequently occurring sulfates is provided below:

1. Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) is a powerful surfactant with excellent foaming and cleaning properties.  It is frequently present in skincare products like shampoos, body washes, and cleansers. SLS produces a rich lather by efficiently removing dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin's surface.  However, especially in people with sensitive skin, it may result in skin dryness and irritation.

2. SLES, or sodium laureth sulfate, is a less harsh form of sulfate that is frequently used in skincare products in place of SLS.  It has comparable foaming and cleansing abilities but is generally regarded as being gentler and perhaps less drying. SLES is frequently used in shampoos, body washes, and cleansers created for people with sensitive skin or those looking for milder substitutes.

While SLS and SLES are the most commonly used sulphates in skincare, additional sulphates, such as ammonium lauryl sulphate (ALS) and ammonium laureth sulphate (ALES), may appear in ingredient lists. These sulphates have qualities similar to SLS and SLES, but their chemical structures may differ slightly. When purchasing skincare products, it is important to carefully study the ingredient labels to determine the presence of sulphates. If you have sensitive skin or wish to avoid sulphates, look for products that are sulfate-free or contain milder surfactants. A dermatologist or skincare specialist can provide additional advice on selecting appropriate products depending on your individual skin concerns and needs.

The Sulphate Controversy: Examining the Claims

The use of sulfates in skincare products has generated some debate and given rise to a number of allegations about their potential adverse effects on the skin. Let us look at a few of these claims:

1. Claim: Sulfates are toxic and harmful. Reality: When used in proper concentrations, sulfates like SLS and SLES have been approved for use in skincare products by regulatory bodies.  They have undergone thorough safety testing and are regarded as skin-safe.  However, using sulfate-containing products can cause dryness or irritation in some people with sensitive skin or specific skin conditions.

2. Claim: Sulfates irritate and dry out the skin. Reality: People with sensitive skin are more likely to experience skin dryness and irritation from sulfates. They have the capacity to remove some of the natural oils from the skin, which can cause the moisture barrier to become compromised. These effects will not happen to everyone, though, and many people can tolerate sulfates without any problems. It is wise to take into account the particular requirements and sensitivities of your skin when selecting skincare products.

3. Claim: Sulfates are comedogenic and cause acne outbreaks. Reality: Sulfates are not the only cause of acne breakouts; acne is a complex condition influenced by a number of factors.  While other factors like genetics, hormones, and skincare practices play a significant role, sulfates may potentially contribute to skin dryness, which may indirectly affect people who are acne-prone.  It's important to address the underlying factors that contribute to acne rather than solely blame sulfates.

4. Claim: Sulfates remove the protective oils from the skin. Reality: People with oily or acne-prone skin may benefit from sulfates' ability to remove oils from the skin's surface.  They may, however, also compromise the body's natural moisture barrier, causing dryness in some individuals. After cleansing, it is crucial to use moisturizers and other hydrating products to help the skin regain its balance.

5. Claim: Products without sulfates are always preferable.  Reality: People with sensitive skin or those who prefer to stay away from sulfates for personal reasons may find sulfate-free products helpful. But not all sulfate-free products are automatically better or more efficient than sulfate-containing products. The efficacy and performance of a skincare product depend on various factors, including the formulation, ingredients, and individual skin type.

How Sulphates Affect Your Skin

Because of their capacity to create a rich lather and remove filth and oil, sulphates such as sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulphate (SLES) are extensively used in many personal care products such as shampoos, body washes, and facial cleansers. These sulphates, however, may have the following consequences for the skin:

1. Natural oils are stripped: Sulfates are surfactants, which means they have strong cleansing properties. While this removes dirt and excess oil from the skin, it also removes the skin's natural oils. This can disrupt the skin's moisture barrier, causing dryness, flakiness, and irritation, particularly in people with dry or sensitive skin.

2. Irritation and inflammation: Sulfates can be irritating and cause redness and inflammation on the skin. This is especially true for those who have sensitive or reactive skin. Continuous sulfate exposure can aggravate pre-existing skin conditions such as eczema or dermatitis.

3. Disruption of the pH balance of the skin: The skin has a slightly acidic pH, which aids in the maintenance of its protective barrier and overall health. Sulfates can upset the skin's natural pH balance, making it more alkaline. Changing the pH of the skin can weaken its defenses, making it more susceptible to irritation and infection.

4. Possible allergic reactions: Some people are allergic to or sensitive to sulfates. Allergic reactions can cause itching, rashes, hives, or even contact dermatitis. If you suspect you have a sulfate allergy or sensitivity, avoid products containing them.

5. Eye irritation: Sulfates can also cause eye irritation, especially when they come into contact with the eyes. Sulfate-containing shampoos and facial cleansers have the potential to sting or burn the eyes if they come into contact with them, resulting in discomfort and redness.

The Truth Behind the Myths: 3 Shocking Facts About Sulphates

Sulfates have drawn some criticism, but it is important to distinguish fact from fiction. Three significant details that clarify sulfates are as follows:

1. Sulfates are not inherently harmful: regulatory bodies such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Union have deemed sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), safe for use in personal care products. Sulfates do not pose significant health risks to the majority of people when used as intended and at the appropriate concentrations.

2. Sulfates are powerful cleansers: Sulfates are extremely effective at removing dirt, oil, and impurities from the skin and hair. They produce a rich lather that can aid in the removal of debris, which makes them popular in cleansers, shampoos, and other personal care products. Sulfates' cleansing properties make them especially useful for people with oily skin or hair who require deep cleansing. 

3. Individual tolerance varies: Sulfates may cause dryness, irritation, or allergic reactions in some people, but these effects are not universal. The degree of sensitivity to sulfates varies from person to person.  Many people have no problems using sulfate-containing products, but others may find them too harsh for their skin or scalp. It is critical to know your skin's tolerance and adjust your skincare routine accordingly.

It is worth noting that the beauty industry provides a wide range of products, including sulfate-free alternatives, to accommodate a variety of preferences and needs.  If you are sensitive to sulfates or prefer to avoid them for other reasons, choosing sulfate-free products may be a viable option. Always pay attention to your skin's needs and seek the advice of a dermatologist if you have any concerns about specific ingredients or reactions.

The Risks: Potential Side Effects of Sulphates on Skin

While sulfates are generally considered safe for use, some people may experience side effects when using sulfate-containing products. It is important to note that these effects can differ from person to person:

1. Dryness and irritation: Sulfates can be drying to the skin, especially if you have dry or sensitive skin. They have the potential to remove the skin's natural oils, resulting in dryness, flakiness, and irritation.  This can be especially troublesome for people who already have skin conditions like eczema or dermatitis.

2. Skin sensitivity: Sulfates may cause skin sensitivity in some people. This can be characterized by redness, itching, or a burning sensation. Sulfates may aggravate or cause allergic reactions in people who have sensitive or reactive skin.

3. Alteration of the skin's naturally acidic pH balance: Sulfates can alter the skin's pH balance.  This imbalance may weaken the skin's barrier of defence, leaving it more susceptible to irritation, infection, and other skin problems.

4. Eye irritation: Sulfates can cause eye irritation, especially if they come into contact with the eyes. Sulfate-containing shampoos, facial cleansers, and other products may cause stinging, redness, or discomfort if they get in the eyes.

Sulphates and Skin Irritation: A Closer Look

Sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), have been associated with skin irritation in some individuals. Let us examine how sulfates might conceivably contribute to skin irritability:

1. Natural oils are stripped away: Sulfates are surfactants, which have potent cleansing properties. While they efficiently remove oil, dirt, and other impurities from the skin, they also have the potential to remove natural oils from the skin. This can disrupt the skin's moisture barrier, leading to dryness and potential irritation. This oil-stripping effect may be more likely to irritate people with dry or sensitive skin.

2. Disruption of the skin's pH balance: The skin's natural pH is slightly acidic, which supports the maintenance of its protective barrier and general health. Sulfates have the ability to alter this pH balance and raise the skin's alkalinity. The skin's defences may be weakened by this pH change, making it more susceptible to irritation and inflammation.

3. Potential for allergic reactions: Some people may be sensitive to or allergic to sulfates. Itching, redness, rashes, hives, and contact dermatitis are some of the symptoms of allergic reactions. Skin reactions brought on by sulfates may be more likely to occur in people with pre-existing skin conditions or a history of allergies.

4. Cumulative exposure: Prolonged contact with sulfates can cause skin irritation. The cumulative effect of sulfates may potentially increase the likelihood of irritation if sulfates are present in several products used in your skincare routine, such as cleansers, shampoos, and body washes.

It should be noted that the severity of skin irritation varies from person to person. While some people may feel noticeable irritation, others may not be impacted at all. Consider the following steps if you feel sulphates are causing skin irritation:

1. Patch test: Apply a small amount of the sulfate-containing product to a small area of skin, such as the inner forearm, and monitor for any adverse reactions for 24 to 48 hours.

2. Sulfate-free alternatives: Consider using sulfate-free products or products formulated for sensitive skin. These alternatives frequently employ milder surfactants that are less likely to irritate the skin.

3. Moisturize: Use a moisturizer as part of your skincare routine to help replenish the skin's moisture barrier and reduce dryness and irritation.

4. Consult a dermatologist: If you have persistent or severe skin irritation, see a dermatologist for an accurate diagnosis and personalized recommendations.

Sulphates and Sensitive Skin: What You Need to Know

If you have sensitive skin, you should be aware of the potential effects sulfates can have. Here's what you should know about sulfates and sensitive skin:

1. Increased risk of irritation: Sulfates can be harsh on the skin, and people with sensitive skin are more likely to experience irritation and adverse reactions. Sulfates can remove natural oils from the skin, disrupt the moisture barrier, and cause dryness, redness, itching, or a burning sensation.

2. Allergic reactions: Some people with sensitive skin may be allergic to sulfates or have an increased sensitivity to them. Rashes, hives, itching, and contact dermatitis are all symptoms of allergic reactions. If you have a history of allergic reactions or skin sensitivities, you should avoid sulfate-containing products. 

3. Triggering or exacerbating existing skin conditions: In people with sensitive skin, sulphates may cause or worsen certain skin disorders such as eczema or rosacea. Sulphates' abrasive nature can upset the skin's equilibrium and worsen the inflammation or redness associated with these disorders.

4. Disruption of the skin's natural pH balance: Sulfates can disrupt the skin's natural pH balance, compromising its protective barrier. Sensitive skin is especially vulnerable to pH imbalances, which can lead to irritation, dryness, and other skin problems.

Consider using sulfate-free products, checking product labels, patch testing, moisturizing and protecting, and seeing a dermatologist when caring for sensitive skin and minimizing the potential negative effects of sulphates. Keep in mind that everyone's skin is different, and what works for one person may not work for another. To provide the greatest care for your sensitive skin, pay attention to your skin's sensitivities and alter your skincare routine accordingly.

The Alternatives: Opting for Sulphate-Free Skincare

Sulfate-free skincare products can be a good option if you have sensitive skin or choose to avoid sulphates for personal reasons. Some alternatives and benefits of utilizing sulfate-free skincare include gentle washing agents, reduced irritation risk, retained natural hydration, better compatibility with sensitive skin, and suitability for color-treated hair. When selecting sulfate-free skincare products, it is also critical to consider other potential irritants or allergens in the components. Some people may be allergic to scent components, preservatives, or other substances often present in skincare products. Reading product labels, running patch tests, and taking your own sensitivities into account will help you choose the finest sulfate-free solutions for your specific needs.

The Benefits of Sulphate-Free Skincare

Sulfate-free skincare has grown in popularity in recent years due to its potential skin benefits. The following are some benefits of using sulfate-free skincare products:

1. Gentle on the skin: Milder surfactants or washing agents are used in sulfate-free cleansers and other skincare products. These alternatives are often gentler on the skin and are less likely to cause dryness, irritation, or oil stripping. They provide a more mild and pleasant washing experience, which is especially beneficial for people with sensitive or dry skin.

2. Retains natural moisture: Sulfates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), can damage the moisture barrier of the skin and remove its natural oils. The skin's natural moisture balance must be preserved for it to remain healthy and hydrated, and sulfate-free products assist in doing this. This can be especially beneficial for people who have dry or dehydrated skin. 

3. Reduced risk of irritation and sensitivity: Sulfates can cause irritation, redness, itching, or a burning sensation, especially in people with sensitive or reactive skin. You can reduce the risk of these adverse reactions and help calm and soothe sensitive skin by removing sulfates from your skincare routine.

4. Suitable for specific skin conditions: Sulfate-free skincare is frequently preferred by those who suffer from eczema, rosacea, or dermatitis. The lack of sulfates reduces potential triggers that could exacerbate these conditions and makes it possible for a kinder and more supportive skincare regimen.

5. Hair color preservation: People with color-treated hair are frequently advised to use sulfate-free shampoos. Sulfates can strip the color from the hair, making it fade more quickly.  You can assist in maintaining and extending the vibrancy of your hair color by switching to sulfate-free alternatives.

6. Environmentally friendly: Sulfates can harm the environment when they are rinsed off and get into water systems because they are made from non-renewable resources. Sulfate-free skincare can help promote personal care practices that are more environmentally friendly.

Decoding Sulphate-Free Labels: What to Look for

Understanding the meaning of the sulfate-free label on skincare products can help you choose the right products. Here are some key things to look for when inspecting product labels:

1. Sulfate-free: Look for sulfates commonly found in skincare, such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES). If these sulfates are not listed as ingredients, the product is sulfate-free. However, keep in mind that there are numerous sulfate compounds, so look for SLS and SLES specifically.

2. Alternative surfactants: Sulfate-free products will usually mention the use of milder and gentler surfactants or cleansing agents on the skin.  Look for ingredients like coco-glucoside, decyl glucoside, sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI), or sodium lauroyl sarcosinate.  These are some of the surfactants that are commonly used in sulfate-free formulations.

3. Allergen-free or gentle formulation claims: Sulfate-free products frequently highlight additional label claims to attract customers looking for gentler options.  Search for terms such as "allergen-free," "gentle formula," "mild," or "sensitive skin-friendly." These claims may also imply that the product is free of harsh sulfates.

4. Natural or organic certifications: Some sulfate-free products may also be certified as natural or organic by reputable organizations.  Certifications such as Ecocert, COSMOS, USDA Organic, or NATRUE can ensure that the product is sulfate-free and meets specific criteria for ingredients and manufacturing processes. 

5. Considerations for fragrance: Although unrelated to sulfates, people with sensitive skin may also want to take fragrance-free or unscented products into account. The risk of skin reactions can be reduced by choosing fragrance-free products, since some people may be sensitive to fragrances.

Making the Right Choice: Tips for Selecting Safe Skincare Products

Choosing safe skincare products requires taking a number of variables into account to make sure they are suitable for your skin type and preferences. Here are some pointers to assist you in making the best decisions:

1. Understand your skin type and concerns:  Understand your skin type (dry, oily, or combination) as well as any specific concerns you have (acne, sensitivity, or aging). This knowledge will assist you in narrowing down products that meet your specific requirements.

2. Examine the ingredient list:  Pay close attention to the ingredient list of skincare products. In most cases, ingredients are listed in descending order of concentration. Look for key active ingredients that address your skin concerns and avoid potentially harmful ingredients like sulfates, parabens, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances if you prefer to avoid them.

3. Consider your sensitivities and allergies: If you have known sensitivities or allergies to specific ingredients, make sure the products you choose are free of those allergens. Fragrance, certain preservatives (e.g., formaldehyde releasers), and specific botanical extracts are common allergens.

4. Look for trusted brands and certifications: Buy skincare products from trusted brands that prioritize safety and quality. Look for labels or certifications from reputable organizations such as the Environmental Working Group (EWG), COSMOS, Ecocert, or the National Eczema Association (NEA). These certifications can provide assurance of safety and compliance with specific standards.

5. Consult a dermatologist for advice: If you have particular skin issues or conditions, it can be helpful to speak with a dermatologist.  They can guide you through the vast selection of skincare products available and offer personalized recommendations based on your skin's requirements.

6. Patch test new products: Perform a patch test before applying a new skincare product to your face or body. Apply a small amount of the product to a small area of skin, such as the inner forearm, and wait 24 to 48 hours to see if there are any adverse reactions or sensitivity.

7. Consider product reviews and testimonials: Look for product reviews and testimonials from other users to get a sense of their experiences with the products you are thinking about buying. However, keep in mind that individual experiences can vary, so use reviews as a guide rather than the only factor in your decision. 

8. Follow your instincts and preferences: Ultimately, when choosing skincare products, trust your preferences and instincts.  Since everyone has different skin, what works well for some people might not work the same for you. Keep an eye on how your skin reacts to various products and modify your routine as necessary.

How to Recognize Sulphates on Ingredient Lists

Sulfates can be identified on ingredient lists by searching for particular names or terms. The following list of typical sulfate ingredients should be avoided:

• Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS)
• Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES)
• Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate (ALS)
• Ammonium Laureth Sulfate (ALES)
• Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES)
• Sodium Lauroyl Isethionate (SLI)
• Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosinate (SLSa)
• Sodium Cocoyl Sulfate (SCS)
• Sodium Coco-Sulfate (SCS)
• Sodium Myreth Sulfate (SMS)
• Sodium Trideceth Sulfate
• Sodium Xylenesulfonate
• TEA-Dodecylbenzenesulfonate
• Ethyl PEG-15 Cocamine Sulfate
• Sodium C14-16 Olefin Sulfonate

These are the most frequent sulphate compounds in skincare and haircare products. It is crucial to remember that not all ingredients containing the word "sulphate" are necessarily dangerous or unpleasant. Ingredients such as magnesium sulphate (Epsom salt) and sodium sulphate, for example, are not commonly used as harsh surfactants and may serve distinct functions in goods. When reviewing ingredient lists, keep the context of the item and the overall formulation in mind. Furthermore, keep in mind that different companies may use other names or variations of sulphates, therefore, it's necessary to become acquainted with the numerous sulphate names and phrases.

Recommended Sulphate-Free Skincare Brands and Products

There are several reputable skincare brands that provide sulfate-free products. Here are a few suggestions:

1. iS Clinical Cleansing Complex: Cleanse your skin's pores and get soft, smooth skin with the iS Clinical Cleansing Complex. It is a clear, lightweight cleansing gel that is powerful, yet gentle enough for hypersensitive skin. It incorporates a balance of bio-nutrients, antioxidants, and mild resurfacing ingredients that thoroughly cleanse the surface and pores of the skin without stripping essential natural oils, leaving skin soft and smooth.

2. iS Clinical Brightening Complex: Effectively brighten your skin with the beneficial moisturising properties of an innovative blend of brightening ingredients in iS Clinical Brightening Complex. Its high-performance, botanical, and pharmaceutical-grade formula helps to improve uneven skin tone. It is paraben-free and hydroquinone-free, making it hypoallergic and extremely safe to use.

3. iS Clinical Moisturizing Complex: Get intense hydration for your skin with the antioxidant-rich formula of iS Clinical Moisturizing Complex, packed with the power of natural vitamins, powerful botanicals, and essential bionutrients. It also helps form a protective barrier against environmental aggressors and reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.

4. iS Clinical Cream Cleanser: Get effective cleansing action while being gentle enough to use on dry, delicate skin with the iS Clinical Cream Cleanser. Bionutrients, antioxidants, and restorative elements are combined in the cream cleanser to effectively cleanse the skin's surface and pores while calming the appearance and feel of dry regions. Skin feels clean, moisturized, and renewed after use. Even skin issues that are severely weakened can benefit from cream cleanser.

5. iS Clinical Active Serum: Fight fine lines and wrinkles and achieve even skin tone with the iS Clinical Active Serum. It has a fast-acting formula that delivers visible results and effectively treats blemish-prone skin. This powerful botanical serum makes the skin moist and smooth, making it suitable for all skin types and age groups.

Final Thoughts: Navigating the Sulphate Debate in Skincare

A balanced approach is required to navigate the sulphate controversy in skincare. While sulphates are excellent at cleansing, they may have some downsides, particularly for people with sensitive skin or specific skin issues. Understanding the facts, taking personal preferences into account, and making informed decisions will help you traverse this topic successfully. Personal sensitivity, skin type and concerns, ingredient lists, patch testing and professional guidance, and sulfate-free options are some last considerations. Keep in mind that the aim of skincare is to locate products that are effective for your skin while addressing your unique concerns. It's important to prioritize your skin's health and comfort by choosing products that suit your individual needs. You can navigate the sulfate debate and create a skincare routine that works best for you if you stay informed, pay attention to your skin's reactions, and make informed decisions.